电子和质子 （electrons and protons）: 电子、质子和中子（neutrons）在宇宙中形成的时间非常早, 大约诞生在宇宙瞬间大爆炸一毫秒内的时间, 当时的宇宙 (137 亿年前)， 正处于开氏温标兆度(1,000,000,000,000)左右。质子、中子和电子诞生在宇宙时间开始的第一秒钟，被称之为“粒子时代”（Particle Era），属于强子时期（Hadron Epoch）的一部份。紧随著这时间之后，质子和中子开始进行了几分钟的熔合和分裂，接著核合成时代（Nucleosynthesis Era）产生。今天我们知道电子和质子组成原子（atoms），电子和质子是由在大爆炸瞬间而产生的各种夸克（quarks）、更小的机率场（probability fields）和粒子所组成。
连结网页
- It is easy to find many good pages describing physics lessons on electrons and protons and atoms. One lesson we recommend is by Anthony Carpi, hosted at the Vision Learning site.
- Here are some astronomy notes by Karl Gebhardt that describe the particle era and other eras of the early universe.
- Here are some lecture notes by George L. Cassiday describing the epochs of the universe, including the Hadron Epoch.
连结网页
- It is easy to find many good pages describing physics lessons on electrons and protons and atoms. One lesson we recommend is by Anthony Carpi, hosted at the Vision Learning site.
- Here are some astronomy notes by Karl Gebhardt that describe the particle era and other eras of the early universe.
- Here are some lecture notes by George L. Cassiday describing the epochs of the universe, including the Hadron Epoch.