NATURAL & HUMAN HISTORY TIMELINE
Pauk K.Orsay  Aug. 11, 2007
BLUE=WesternHemisphere;       VIOLET=Brit.Isles;                      	GREEN=Europe;
ORANGE=Russia;                      BROWN=Africa;  	PINK=Asia+Australia;
BLACK=worldwide+universal;  	 RED=China;    	Blue-Gray=inanimate events;

13.7 BYA 	“Big Bang“ Our Universe Begins
	(BYA = billion yrs. ago, MYA = million yrs ago)______________
electrons & protons 1st able to combine to form matter 	13.4 BYA
galaxies 12.7 BYA;     Milky Way Galaxy 10 BYA; 	Sun    4.6 BYA

4.5 -3.8 BYA (Earth forms cloud to solid, crust, oceans)	HADEAN EON
Earth and meteorites      4.55 BYA;                           Moon 	4.5 BYA
“Late Heavy Bombardment Period“ Meteorites Earth+Moon 	4-3.8 BYA

3.8 -2.5 BYA (oldest rocks, continents form)            	ARCHEAN EON
First evidence of tectonic plate movement (SW Greenland)  	3.8 BYA
1stsea life / prokaryotes      3.6 BYA;           1stfossils   	 3.2-2.8 BYA
1st large continental shields	2.8-2.5 BYA

2,500-543 MYA(single cell,eukarya,fungi,animals) 	PROTEROZOIC EON
O2 catastrophy (photosynthesis makes O2);  Plate Tectonics	 2.5 BYA
eukaryote (mitochondria, nucleus c DNA)   2.5 BYA; 	algae 1.5 BYA
Rodinia breakup1.3-0.8BYA;Cryogenian “Snowball Earth“	850-600 MYA

543 MYA to PRESENT(multicellular life) 	PHANEROZOIC EON
Metazoa (multicelled life);	1st Trilobites  600-250 MYA
Ediacarian Period. ‘soft bodied’marine fauna 	 600-540 MYA

540-240 MYA (Invertebrates, fish, tetrapods,reptiles) 	PALEOZOIC ERA
CAMBRIAN PERIOD (trilobites, brachiopods, molluscs)	540-505 MYA
“Cambrian Explosion”(abrupt rise/multicelled organisms)	542-530 MYA
ORDOVICIAN PERIOD       505-438 MYA;	1st fish   540 MYA
1st vertebrate (fish fossil found in China)	530 MYA
1st(of 6)gr. EXTINCTIONS (Ordovician/Silurian)–cooling 	463-433 MYA
SILURIAN PERIOD wingless insects, silverfish etc.	438-408 MYA
U.S.Great Lakes under tropic Seas 440-395 MYA; -warming	420 MYA
DEVONIAN PERIOD wingless insects, silverfish etc	408-360 MYA
2nd(of 6) gr. EXTINCTIONS (Late Devonian)–cause?	370-360 MYA
Plants with seeds;   	1stland vertebrate	360 MYA
Europe & North America 1stcollide;               1st Amphibian 		350 MYA
CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD, lush forest and swamplands  	345-280 MYA
Building of Ozark-Ouachita-Appalachian Mountains	   340 MYA
Pangea, “single supercontinent“ forms 	 310-250 MYA
Africa collides c N. America forming Pangea & Appalachian Mts  	290 MYA
PERMIAN PERIOD	 1st Reptile, spider, snail, cockroach   286-245 MYA
3rd(of6)gr.EXTINCTIONS“Great Dying”@ Permian/Triassic boundary
70% of sea life+95% of land life(?Volcano orAntarctic meteor)	251 MYA
Ural mountains form (final step in the formation of Pangea)	250 MYA

240-65MYA(dinosaurs,mammals,birds,floweringplants)	MESOZOIC ERA
TRIASSIC PERIOD	245-208 MYA
4th(of6)EXTINCTIONS (end Triassic)warming&vulcanism	214-199 MYA
1st Mammal   	210 MYA
JURASSIC PERIOD  	208-144 MYA
Pangea breakup into Gondwanaland & Laurasia 	200 MYA
CRETACEOUS PERIOD   144-66.4 MYA; 1stbird 	 150 MYA
Gondwanaland & Laurasia split into 7 continents	135 MYA
1stprimate 80 MYA;Europe/North America part+form Atlantic	70-45 MYA
South America separates from Africa 	65 MYA
5th(of6)great EXTINCTIONS (Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary)
	Yucatan meteor? ends Dinosaurs 65 MYA

65 MYA–present   (grazing mammals, grass, apes)	CENOZOIC ERA
TERTIARY PERIOD	66.4-1.6 MYA
Himalayan Mts. 60MYA; global warming 50 MYA; global cooling	45 MYA
India+Asia collide+form Himalayas 	  45 MYA
Africa+Europe collide+form Alps, Pyrennes & Carpathian Mts.	40 MYA
Hominoid (ape, chimp, Hominid) & Old World Monkeys  split	30 MYA
North America splits from Greenland 16 MYA;     Andes Mts.	15 MYA
Mediterranean Sea forms10MYA; 	Global cooling+drying Africa 8-6 MYA
Sahelanthropus tchadensis 6.5 MYA; Hominid/chimp, split  	4.1 MYA
Australopithecus Afarensis   “Lucy“	  3.9–3 MYA
Hominids split into Australopithecine and Homo lines	 3-2.5 MYA
North & South America rejoined 3 MYA; 1st hominid-made fire  	3 MYA
severe global cooling & drying 	2.8 MYA
1ststone tools,‘Olduwan‘Africa 	 2.6-1.5 MYA

2.4 MYA (African Lower Paleolithic)  	  Old Stone Age
Homo Habilis 2.3-1.44 MYA;   Homo Rudolfensis 	 2.3-1.9 MYA
1st ‘Homo-made‘ Habitation Olduvai	 2 MYA
1stHomo migration fromAfrica(No Australopithecines left in	Africa)2 MYA
 
1.8 MYA-10 KYA 9-20Ice Ages,severe cooling,dryingPleistocene Epoch
Homo Ergaster 1.8-1.5 MYA; Homo Erectus	  1.8 MYA-400 KYA
Homo Erectus 1st in Rep.of Georgia (oldest disc.outside Africa)	1.8 MYA
Homo in China, E.Asia	1.8 MYA
Homo Erectus -used Acheulean tools in Africa	   1.5MYA-500 KYA
H. Antecessor in Spain (1st European, ?ancestor of Neanderthal) 	 1 MYA

800 -250 KYA 	Lower Paleolithic
H. Heidelbergensis ancestor to man &Neanderthal,Eur.&Asia	ca800 KYA
Controlled fire Israel; human tools GrBr. (Pakefield site)	  700 KYA
Acheulean tools used in N.Europe by H.Heidelbergensis	700-200 KYA
Homo Neanderthalensis from H.Heidelbergensis in Africa	500 KYA
Hand axes Francec.500 KYA–300KYA; Controlled fire Britanny	c.400 KYA
English Channel 1stcut by sudden overflow frm N.Sea lake	450-200 KYA
Homo Sapiens arises from H.Heidelbergensis in Africa         	400 KYA
Illinoisan ‘Great‘ Glaciation (almost to Ohio River)  	330 KYA
H. Sapiens Sapiens (Modern Man) evolves ability to speak	ca300 KYA

250-40 KYAModern Man in Africa /Mousterian tools  	Middle Paleolithic
Illinoisan ‘Great‘ Glaciation (almost to Ohio River)  (330),	240& 128 KYA
H.Neanderthalensis(not ancestor to man)in Europe & Asia  	200-30 KYA
Mousterian tools used Europe, Africa & Near East	 200 KYA–40 KYA
Homo Neanderthalensis in Europe 	   130 KYA–30 KYA
Last full “interglacial” period (Sangamon Per./N.America)   	125-70 KYA
No Humans (Homo) in Britain	120-60 KYA
H. Sapiens Sapiens loses body hair & 1st wears clothes     	ca114 KYA
Various ‘Homo‘groups throughout world;1stBeringia land bridge	100 KYA
Wisconsin Glaciation coversGr.Lakes to mid Illinois Indiana 	70–10 KYA
1stMan-made structure in France 	60 KYA
1st Modern Man leaves Africa (last of?3 Homo migrations)    	ca 55 KYA
Modern Man (H. Sapiens Sapiens) in Central Asia	  50-45 KYA

40,000-11,000 YA (hunter/gatherers) Eurasia	Upper Paleolithic
H. Sap. Sapiens develops culture and symbolic language	  40-37 KYA
H. Sap. Sap. in Australia 40KYA; 	1st Modern Man in Europe 40-35 KYA
Aurignacian culture Europe 40-35 KYA; 	Neanderthals extinct 30 KYA
Homo Sapiens Sapiens only Hominid group left on earth 	30 KYA
Paleolithic art Europe 35-10KYA; 	layered needle sewn garments 30 KYA
bird bone flute 23 KYA;  Gravettian ‘M170‘ culture Europe 	22 KYA
No Humans (Homo) in Britain due to glacial covering	   ca20-16 KYA
Wisconsin Glaciation covers Gr.Lakes to mid.IL+IN	+N.Eur.20KYA-11 KYA
1st Man crosses Beringia to N. America c spear + dog 	20 KYA-15 KYA
Man enters Britain ? on foot from Iberian Peninsula	   16-10 KYA

--- 15,000 BC (=17 KYA )and later DATES are BC---

15,000-10,000 BC	  Rapid Global Warming
Great Lakes form  14,000-13,000;	Sahara very dry 13,500-13,000 BC
Clovis big game hunters (1st Indians) Gr. Lakes region	13,000-10,000
rice cultiv.N.Korea;dogs tame E. Asia13,000;	figs cultiv.Jordan R.11,400
Megafauna extinct N.America	11,000
“Younger Dryas”, Gulf Stream stops,lastmaj.cold snap Eur.	11,000-9,000

10,000 BC-Present         (agriculture -Mesolithic)    	Holocene Epoch  
Indo-European language fragmentation in Europe established	10,000
Pleistocene Ice Ages End(began1.8MYA);6th Gr.Extinct.begins	10,000
mammoths extinct Europe; 1st domestic Cat in near Middle East	10,000
pig domesticated Near East;   wheat Iraq;   barley Turkey 	10,000
pig Iran  9,000;  E.Sahara wet & 1stCattle domesticated 	8,500-3,300

Cattle+crops Mesopotamia,Syria+Israel; megafauna extinct Europe	8,000
Jericho,Jordan settled;      Sheep,Iraq;      Cattle, Turkey   	8,000
1stboats  7,500; Established settlements &livestock Sahara 	7,500-5,300
Çatal Höyük, Turkey, occupied 7,400-6,400; Copper Age Mid.East	7,000 
wheel Sumeria 	6,600 

6,000–3,000 BC Neolithic /Cu Age Mid.East7,000BC , 	Europe 3,000BC
	Bronze Age  Mid.East 4,000BC, Europe 3,000BC
Network of little villages exists in the Fertile Crescent by	6,000
Cattle, Turkey; Rice, Thailand;Agriculture Greece; English Channel 	6,000
Mediterranean Sea floods thru Bosphorus raising Black Sea level	5,600
Sahara Desert dry ; Cu smelting in Persia ;corn cultivated Mexico	5,500
Earliest estimated arrival of Celtic Lang. in British Isles 	ca5,200
Mid-Holocene WarmPeriod   5,000-3,000; Beringia floods  	  5,000
Irrigation Mesopotamia; Camel Arabia;wheat&Barley agricult.Nile	5,000
Wine first made from wild grapes, Greece	  5,000
Dimini,Greece settled5,000; Sumerians burn petroleum in lamps	4,500
horse tamed Europe   4,350;          Cu smelting Israel 	ca4,000
Farming England, China &Peru;Celtic-Iberian fishermen in England 	4,000
Horses tamed and ridden in Kazakhstan & Ukrainian steppes 	  4,000
small villages, Mesopotamia 	4,000
Uruk begun, one of the oldest cities in Sumaria 	3,800
Sumaria dominates Mesopotamia	3,800-2,000
Jerusalem settled;            corn,Americas 	3,500

3500BC-400AD            	Ancient World 3500BC-400AD
1st civilization, Mesopotamia (Sumaria)	3,500        
Cuneiform in Sumeria 1st written language	ca3,300
Wheel +City States,Mesopotamia 3,250;Narmer 1stunifies Egypt	3,150

Increasing Lactose tolerance among cattle raisers in N. Europe	3,000
horse tamed Russia; Camel in Arabia; Pyramid Ukraine 	3,000
Hieroglyphics;    Menes 1st Pharoah;  1stdam Memphis 	  3,000
present Sahara desert forms    3,000;  Great Pyramid 	2,900
Egypt Old Kingdom  2,868-2,160; Cycladic culture, Aegean	2800-2000
Egypt Step-Pyramid -1st Giza pyramid   2,700;   	papyrus   2,500-2,000
Stonehenge 2,600-2,500;    Akkadians 1st to use vowels 	2,500
Avebury stone circle 2,300;    300yr  Global drought	2,300-2,000
Achaeans bring Mycenaean & Greek languages to Greece 	  2,200
Egyptian Middle Kingdom 	 ca2,040-ca1,640
 
2,000 – 1,000 BC                                               	Bronze Age England
Phoenicians East.Mediterranean;Celts in Europe; 	Minoan civ.begins2,000
Irrigation Egypt; Mathematics Babylonia; Judaism begins 	2,000
Potato Argentina, 1stsong written in Syria; Minoan civ.begins	2,000
Power shifts from Sumeria to Babylon	2,000-1,100
Anc.Hittite Emp.1,800-1,269;Hammurabi code Mesopotamia	1,792-1,750
Hittites (Indo-European) rise to power in central Turkey	1,680-1,200
Santorini volcano erupts 	1,645; Hyksos conquer Egypt c horses 1,640 
Hittites in Mesopotamia 1,600-1,200; Mycenaean Greece	1,600-1,200
Egypt enslavesJews ca1,600-1,280
Egyptian New Kingdom (peak of Egypt’s power)	1,550-1,070

Persians (Indo-European) migrate from central Asia to Iran	ca1,500
Ayrans moved from same Indo-European group into N. India	ca1,500
Sunflower cultiv.Midwest;Olmec cultiv.Cocoa bean;1stSanskrit text	1,500
Kush kingdom on 750 mi of upper Nile to above Khartoum	1,500-2,000
Minoan civ. ends  	ca1,450;   Mycenaean civilization1,400-1,200
Akhenaten brings 1stMonotheism, to Egypt 	1,353-1,336
Tutankhamun restores polytheism1,334-1,322; Rameses II	1,290-1,220
Moses +Jews leave Egypt 1,280; peace treaty, Egypt + Hittites	1,269
Assyrians sack Babylon 1,240;          Trojan War	ca1,200
“Sea Peoples“begin disruptive attacks in Eastern Mediterranian 	ca1,200
1sttraces Etruscan civilization in Italy (probably from W. Turkey)	1,200
Hittite Kngdm.destroyed1,200; Olmec civ.Centr.Amer.(to 400BC) 	1,200
Dorians with iron weapons destroy Mycenae 
   and Begin Greek Dark Ages “Dorian=Geometric Period” 	1,150-750
Iron Age Mid. East;  Aryans (Medes+Persians) onto Iranian plateau 	1100
1stChinese dictionary1100;Assyrian Empire1100-612;KingDavid	1010-970

1,000-900 BC   Iron Age begins 1100 BC in Mid.East 	 (700 BC Europe)
Aramaic lang. displaces Babylonian Akkadian in Fertile Crescent	ca1,000
Phoenician & Hebrew alphabets have no vowels 	 ca1,000
Umbrians, Sabines, Latins migrate into Italian Peninsula 	ca1,000
1stVillages @ Rome ; Olmec “glyphs“ Americas; Solomon’s temple	1,000
Kingdom of Israel divides into North (Israel) & South (Judah) 	931
1st Etruscan towns, 1st split between Irish & Welsh Celtic langs. 	900

9th–6th CENT. BC 	(Rise of Empires & Religions)(Ancient Greece to 480)
1stGreek city states  900; Phoenicians in E.Mediterr.& Carthage	900
Greeks use Phoenician alphabet	814
Paper currency used in Ancient China 	800
Gks. colonize Mediterr.+Black Seas 800-750; Rome founded trad. 	ca753
Homer’s Iliad    ?ca750;  end of Greek Dark Age	 750
Assyrians dominate Fertile Crescent	744-612
Assyrians overthrow Damascus 732; Assyrians conq. Israel	722

Phoenicians  circumnavigate Africa  672;Assyrians rule Egypt 	671-651
Ancient Greeks found Byzantium  660;  1st coins struck in Lydia	650
Approximate Period of Roman Kings 	ca625-500
Assyrian Assurbanipal destroys Elamites(earliest recorded battle) 	639
Zoroaster or Zarathustra teaches monotheism	ca621-558
EtruscanKings rule ItalianPeninsula &Rome 	616-579
NeoBabylonians &Medes conq.Assyria 612-539; Iron Age Europe	  600

Lao Tzu: Taoism, China                                                          	6th cent.
Babylonians capt.Jerusalem 597; Babyl. destr. Temple &exile Jews	586
Pythagoras  560-480; Croesus k. of Lydia capt.Greek cities 	559
Cyrus Persian king 559-529;  Confucius, Chinese philosopher	ca551-479
Cyrus (Achmaenid Dynasty) conquers Medes, Lydia	550
Cyrus conq.Babylon Empire frees Jews & controls Fertile Crescent	539
Cambysses s. of Cyrus conq. - Persia rules Egypt for 100 yrs	525
Etruscans def.Greeks@Corsica 535; Jews‘ migrations 600-500 &	500-400

5th–4th  CENT. BC  	(Rise of Empires & Religions)
Classical Greece 480-323BC 	 Roman Republic 480-45BC 
Hellenistic Age 323-31 BC
Latins @Rome expel Etruscan king and form Roman Republic  	ca500
Judaismfully developed; Buddha begins Buddhism ;Bible1stwritten 	ca500
Pericles 495-429; Darius K.Persia inv. Greece in 1st Pers.Wars 	490-478
Xerxes K. of Persia defeated @Salamis 485-465; Herodotus	484-ca424
Greek Victory vs. Persia@Salamis &Platea-begins Gk Classical Period	480
Zeno’s paradoxes (the arrow, the dichotomy)	450
Athenian Democracy 464-402;Thucydides ca460-400;Parthenon	447-438
Socrates 439-ca399; 2ndPeloponnesian War, Sparta def.Athens 	431-404
Plato 427-347; Olmec civ. Central America ends (began 1200 BC)	400
arabic numerals 1st developed in India 	400-300

Romans begin conquest of Italian Peninsula   	392
London founded;Celts migrate to England; Celts (Gauls)sack Rome 	390
Aristotle384-322;PhillipII k.of Macedon358-336; Phillip def.Athens	339
Rome defeats Latin League       338;      1stRoman coins	338
Gk.Classical Period ends     336;        Alexander-Great	336-323
Persia conq. Egypt, dynasties end c Dynasty XXX (began 3100 BC)	343
Alexander th.Great defeats Persian Emp.Darius the Great @Issus 	333
Alexander drives Persians from Egypt 332; Alexander dies in Persia	323
Ptolemaic period begins and lasts till Cleopatra‘s death (300 yrs)	323
Seleucus begins Empire in Antioch, but loses Persia & Mesopotamia	323

3rd–1st  CENT. BC  	(Rise of Empires & Religions)
Europe Warm throughout Peak of Roman Empire    	300BC-300AD
Chanquillo Monument Peru  oldest solar observatory, Americas  	ca300
Euclid axiomatic geometry 300;1stTeotihuacan civ.in Valley of Mexico	300
Archimedes 287-212; 1stPunic War-Sicily 	264-241
Emperor Qin 1stunifies China 	221
2nd Punic War–Spain,  Hannibal defeated 	218-202
Nanyue Kingdom: Zhao Tuo 1stunifies Southern China 	203-111

Celts sack Athens + Sparta; Rome conquers last Etruscan city 	    200
Parachute in China 	   ca200
Eratosthenes measures earth‘s circumference195; Rome conq.Greece	147
3rd Punic warRome def.Carthage	149–146 
K.of Pergamon wills kingdom to Rome,brings Rome to W.Asia Min.	133
China gas/oil drilling and wheelbarrow c100; Julius Caesar	100-44
Roman Pompey conq.Syria 64;      P.conq.Jerusalem 	63   
C.-conq.Gaul	 58-51
Caesar-raids England 55/54; 1st Triumvirate 52; C-crosses Rubicon 	49
Caesar-dictator of Rome   45;  Caesar assassinated	44
Virgil‘s Aeneid; Augustus1stEmp.27BC-14AD;A.def.Antony@Actium	31BC
Rome occupies Germany from Rhine to Elbe for21yrs	12BC--9AD

--- AD (CE) ---

1st–3rd  CENTURIES AD	(early Christianity)_(Europe Warm)
bow&arrow,N.Am.1AD;Germ.Arminius def.Romans,Teutoberger	 Wald9AD
Christ born   ca4; Augustus’ death 14;    Christ Crucified 	ca29
Saul“Paul”converted34Claudius conq.Engl.43-84;Paul’s ltr.Galatians	48-59
Boudicca‘s revolt vs. Rome 61; Rome burns; Nero persec.Christians 	64
Mark’sGospel65-70;Paul+Peter crucif.68; Jerusalem Temple destroyed	70
Rome defeats Jews, diaspora begins	73
Ptolemy’s geocentric theory 87-150;   Good Emperors     	96-180
Trajan(Rom.Emp.-largest)   98-117;   John’s Gospel 	ca100-125
Hadrian                  117-138;            Hadrian’s wall	122-136
Galen of Pergamum ca130-ca200; Abacus used China  	 ca190
Marcus Aurelius & peak Roman Emp. 161-180;Maya (end 800) begin 	200
Magnetic North known and used in China 	 3rd Cent. AD
All inhabitants of Roman Empire declared Roman citizens 	212
Sassanid Empire (Persia)	226-642
Breakup into various Romance languages begins	250
General Postumus‘ Gallic Empire   259-274;   Goths sack Athens 	268
 Diocletian divides Roman Empire	286

4th–6th CENTURIES AD 	 Barbarian Migrations
Breakup into various Germanic languages; China 1stused stirrup  	300
1stSaxon raid on England  ca300; Constantine Roman Emperor  	306–337
Edict of Milan, tolerance for Christians in Roman Empire 	313
Arianism begins in Egypt 320; Council of Nicaea outlaws Arianism 	324
Constantine moves Roman Empire‘s Capitol to Constantinople 	330
Constantius II (Arian) sole E. Roman Emp.350; St.Augustine 	354-430
Great Barbarian Invasion of England by Picts, Saxons, Franks	367
Huns defeat Ostrogoths in Ukraine 375  Fleeing Visigoths allowed by 
   Rome to cross Danube in 376 where Rome lets them starve. 
   Angry Visigoths then defeat & kill EmperorValens @ Adrianople	378
Theodosius outlaws Arianism.379; declares Christianity State religion	395

400AD to 1000AD	Dark Ages-400-1000 AD
Great Invasion -fleeing Franks, Vandals
                              ,Sueves & Burgundians cross Rhine	405-406
Romans lv. England 407;Visigoth Alaric defeats Stilicho+sacks Rome 	410
Pelagian heresy begins in Britain 413; Rome outlaws Pelagianism 	418
Visigoths in France 418; +Spain419; they drive Vandals to N.Africa	429
Vandals conq.Carthage 439; Saxons,Angles,Jutes invade Engl.	ca440-650
Huns take Pannonia 446;   Rome defeats Huns @ Chalons	    451
Atilla inv.N.Italy+dies 453;OstrogothTheodoric in E.Emp.&	Rome 470-526
Saxons in Kent       450;                        Vandals sack Rome  	455
Visigoth Odacer overthrows Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus  
           Rome falls - Ancient World ends 	476
Saxons in Sussex   477;        Saxons in Wessex 	495
Merovingian’s Clovis I K.of Franks 481-511;Franks become Christian	496

Justinian & Theodora crowned Byzantine Emperor & Empress  	527
Nika revolt quelled by Empress Theodora 	532
Worldwide cold, drought   & ?Large volcanic eruption	533-555
Emperor Justinian reconquers Rome 	536
Asian drought drives Avars into Europe536-538; European Plague 	542
Visigoths retake Rome    546
Arian Vandals def.in N. Africa 534;Northumbria&Mercia founded	500-600
Ethelbert king in Kent 560;Justinian dies 565; Mohammed born	ca570
Visigoths,Spain+Lombards,Italy quit Arianism become Christian	587+589
Saxons in Kent converted from Pelagianism to Christianity 	597

7th -9thCENTURIES  AD    (Rise of Islam 632)_	(1st Viking raids 793)
600      Middle Ages (Theocracy)   to 1400AD ____	____________
Visigoths retake Spain from Roman empire	614-620
Hijira, -Mohammed and followers flee to Mecca	622
Mohammed’s death begins 100yr. Islamic expansion from Arabia	 632
Frankish Empire 636;   1stFrench & German language differences 	636
St.Oswald K.Northumbria 633-642;	 Arabs def. Sassanid Emp.642
Arianism ends in Lombardy & Spain 650;Arabs defeat Carthage	698
Moors conquer Visigothic Spain, bring arabic numerals to Europe 	711
Charles Martel defeats Moors (Muslims) @ Poitiers  	732
Pepin son of Martel expels Moors from.Aquitania	752
Offa King of Mercia+Engl.757-796;                1stEngl.silv.penny 	757-796
Charlemagne s.of Pepin,k.Franks  	768-814
Charlemagne takes Rome from Byzantine rulers	774
Danes 1straid Lindisfarne ,Jarrow,& Iona	793-795

1stspacing between words;1stlower case letters;1st written French 	9thcent.
Charlemagne crowned 1stHoly Roman Emperor 	800
drought leads to Maya collapse (Maya began 200 AD) 	800
Charlemagne’s empire divided @ treaty of Verdun	843
MichaelIII sendsCyril&Methodius c glagolitic,cyrillic,alphab.toMoravia	863
Ethelred I  Saxon; s of Ethlwulf  and king of All England 865/	866-871
Danes take Northumbria,E.Anglia 867;Vikings disc.settle Iceland 	870-874
Alfred Saxon; s of Ethlwulf king of All England S. of Watling St.	871-901
Alfred Defeats “Christianizes“ Danes 878; Carolingian Empire ends 	888
Magyars enter Hungarian plain 895; Anglo-Saxon Chronicles	  875-1154

10th CENTURY AD	  “Medieval Warm Period” begins   (900 to 1300)
1stwritten Spanish&Italian texts; 3 Slavonic lang.grps W.So.&E.	10thcent
Edward "the elder" s. of Alfred, King of all Eng. S. of HumberR. 	901-924
Viking,Rollo,winsNormandy,Neustria911;Otto I"the great"s.of HI	 936-973
Edmund Saxon  s. Edw.   wins York from Danes	939-946
Eadred Saxon  s. Edw.  loses York to Eric Bloodaxe	946-955

Scandinavia Christian  950;    	Eadwig Saxon s. Edw. k.   955-959
Otto def.Magyars Lechfeld955;Edgar "The Great,Peaceful" s.Edw.	959-975
Otto crowned 1stHoly Roman Emperor 962; Edgar 1st King all Engl. 	973
Edward Saxon "the Martyr" s. Edgar -assassinated	975-978
Ethelred II Saxon "the Unread " s. of  Edgar- paid  danegeld  	978-1016
Avicenna, Iranian physician and Aristotelian philosopher	    980-1037
Danes renew raids on Engl.980;Norse,Eric the Red settles Greenland	986
Kievan Russ adopt Orthodox Christianity 	988

11th CENTURY AD 	High Middle Ages (1000-1400)
Edmund II Saxon "Ironside" s. E II    	 1016-1017
Cnute Dane gs.of Richard-"the fearless"of Normandy–
	def. Edmund II 1017 to become 1st King of All England1017-1035
Harold I "Harefoot", s. of Cnute 1035-1040; Seljuk Empire  	1035-1157
Harthacanute s.Cnute	1035-1042
Edw."Confessor"Saxon s.Ethelred	1042-1066
Chinese invent moveable type printing press	1043

Great Schism between. Orthodox & Catholic Christian Churches  	1054
Harold II  b-in-law  of Edw. The Confessor  elected king by Witan 	1066
Middle English  spoken 1066-1500; Cahokia Mounds  	ca1050–ca1300
William Conq. Norman ggs.of Rich."the fearless"-Normandy	1066-87
Ottoman Turks defeat Byzantines @ Manzikert    	  1071
Henry IV H.R.E. @ Canossa absolved by Pope Gregory VII	   1077
NormanConquest1066-1072;DomesdayBookpop.Engl.=1.1mil.  	1086
William II Norman "rufus" s of W I; tyrant; ?murdered	1087-1100
Urban II begins 1stCrusade vs. Jews &infidel	1095
1stCrusade takes Jerusalem	  1099

12th CENTURY       High Middle Ages           	Crusaders
	(Germans move east against Slavs 12th+13th centuries)
Iron plows replace wooden plows /most of Northern Europe 		12thcent.
barley growing ended in Iceland due to increasing cold    	12thcent.
1stwritten Portuguese texts 	12th cent.
Henry I  Norman  4th (s. of W I);   pennies called 'starlings‘  	1100-1135
King Kalman & union of Hungary,Croatia & Slavonia	  1095-1114
Averroës, Cordoba Muslim philosoph. comb. Gk.&Islam ideas 1126-1198
StephenNorman gs.W I, s.Adela(d of WI)1135-54;-civil war	1138-1153
Jerusalem not conquered in 2nd Crusade 	  1147-1149
sugar 1st to Europ. from Middle East in 2ndCrusade 	  1147-1149

Henry II Plantagenet gs of H I marries Eleanor of Aquitaine 	1154-1189
Ghengis Khan  	ca1162-1227
English conq. of Ireland begins c Strongbow inv. Ireland	1169-1172
Saladin con	q. Egypt +Syria 1138-1193; Muslims retake Jerusalem	1187
Richard I "Lionheart"Plantagenet s of H II 	  1189-1199
Rich.I in 3rdCrusade 1187-1192; John Plantagenet s.of H II 	1199-1216

13th CENTURY  High Middle Ages	   	Crusaders
	(Germans move east against Slavs 12th+13th cts)
arabic numerals little used 13ct.Europe; Cath.Priests 1stcelibate 	1200
Fibonacci numbers 1202; 4th Crusade conquers Jerusalem		1202-04
Latin mercenaries sack Constantinople	1204
John- loses Normandy to Phillip II   1208; University of Paris	 	1209
Btl. Of Bouvines 1214; Lateran Council against Jews;Magna Carta	1215
Henry III Plantagenet s ofJ,-"Provisions of Oxford"Parliament1216-	1272
Fred.II H.R.E.1220;    Andras II Hung.+Golden Bull			1222
St.Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274; Mongols inv. Russia, destroy cities 	1227
Frederick II-devolves authority to Germ.Princes 	   		1232
Mongols invade Hungary; 1stgunpowder in Europe from China   	1242

Florentine Florin, reintroduced gold coins 	   		1252
Great Interregnum Holy R.Emp 1254-73; German monarchy elective	1257
Mongols destroy Baghdad; Prov.of Oxford Engl.=no autocracy 	1258
Hanseatic League1259-17thC. btl. Of Lewes /deMontfort capts.H III	1264
Edw.wins@Evesham-deMontfort killed1265;Dante Aleghieri 	1265-1321
Marco Polo‘s journeys to China 	1271 +1295
Edward I Anjou s.H III "longshanks; Hammer of Scots"	    1272-1307
Kublai Khan conquers China begins Mongol Yuan Dynasty 	 1271-1368
Rudolph 1stCount Hapsburg elected H.R.E.  (Holy Roman Emperor) 	1273
EdwI conq. Wales 1277-1282;  Rudolph def. Otakar v Bohemia    	1278
Osman I -1st Ottoman ruler 1281-1324; Jews exp. from England 	1290
Swiss Confederation begun (as protection from Austria) 	1291

14th CENTURY late middle ages	“Little Ice Age” 1316-1860
                 Italian Renaissance	1375-1527
Polynesians colonize New Zealand (last major land mass)	ca1300
Edward II Anjou s.of E I 1307-1327;-def. by Scots @Bannockburn 	1314
crop failure & famine in Europe         	1315+1316
“Little Ice Age” begins 550yrs-7degreed colder+wetter weather 
                      with uncertain summers in Northern Europe	1316-1860
Florence/1st gunpowder weapons1320; English civil war  1321	+ 1322
Osman Turks invade Bursa	   1326
Edw. III Anjou s.of EII seeks French Throne; gold florin & noble	1327-77
John Wyclif     1330-1384;       Ibn Khaldun Muqaddima	1332-1406
100 Yrs War      1338-1453;        Geoffrey Chaucer   	1340-1400
Engl.-victory@naval Battle.of Sluys;    Ed III titled, king of France	1340
Engl.- vict. @ Crecy c longbow   1346;   Ottomans invade Thrace 	1340s
Plague kills 1/3 of Europe and 1/2 of England 	  1347-1350
Inca Empire Peru    1350-1533;       English victory @ Poitiers  	1356
Papal Bull gives German Princes autonomy	1356
English replaces French in Engl.Law courts 1362; & in Engl. schools 	1385
Ming Dynasty China 	  1368-1644
Richard II  gs Ed III  deposed; + imprisoned @ Pontefract	  1377-1399
Wyclif condemned       1382;                   first English Bible 	   1388
Turks first invade Hungary 1390; Jews expelled From France    	1394
Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal-begins age of discovery	1394-1460

15th CENTURY  Peak of Renaissance/ Age of Discovery/ 	Middle Ages End
Gr.Vowel Shift English speech ca1400-1550;arabicnumerals.Eur.	15th C.
Henry  IV Lancaster gs of E III –usurper 	  1399-1413
Poland/Lithuania def. Teutonic Knights/Prussia @Tannenberg	1410
HenryVs.ofHIV1413-22;1st sent letters in English;def.Fr.@Agincourt	1415
Henry VI  Lancaster s of H V; insane;  deposed + murdered	  1422-1471
Joan of Arc 1429-31; Portuguese to Guinea in search of slaves 	1440
1st Slaves ,Azores by Port.;Murad II def. Laszlo I, Hungary@Varna	1444
France retakes Normandy  	  1449-1450

Increasing cold forces the end of wine cultivation in England   	1450
Engl. Drivn.frm France;Ottom.Turks’ Mehmet II conq.Constantinople	1453
Wars of the Roses "Cousin’s War" "Lancaster vs.York"	  1455-1487
Gutenberg Bible      1458;   1stcannon used in battle  	1461
Edward IV York  ggs of E III	 1461-70 and 1471-1483
Erasmus of Rotterdam  1466-1636; Niccolo Macchiavelli    	1469-1527
St.Bartholomews’ Day Massacre	1472
Ferdinand -Aragon & Isabella –Castille 	  1469-1516
1stbook printed in Magyar langage1473; 1stbook printed in London	   1477
Spanish Inquisition1478;Thos.More 1478-1535;Martin Luther	1483-1546
Greenland Norse population disappears due to extreme cold	1480-1500
Edw.VYork murd.Tower age12;writing,England no longer Latin orFr.	1483
Richard III York br. of Ed IV; killed @ Battle of Bosworth    	1483-1485
Henry VII Tudor –def. Rich. III  	1485-1509
B. Diaz sails around Cape of Good Hope1487; 1stgold sovereign 	1489
Ignatius Loyola    1491-1556;   Columbus discovers West Indes 	1492
Islamic Granada falls;   Jews expelled from Spain	1492
Treaty of Tordisellas; Pope divides world between Spain+Portugal	1494
V. Da Gama sails around Africa to India -outflanking Islam	1497-1498
John Cabot claims Newfoundland for England	 1497

16th CENT.  Reformation (2nd sack of Rome 1527)  	Renaissance ends
Middle English ends & modern Engl.slowly takes its place.  (1066)-	1500
Peak of Jagellonian dynasty in Bohemia Hung. Poland & Lithuania 	1500
1stEngl.shilling(testoon)1504;Calvin1509-67;1stSlaves intoCarribean	1510
Henry VIII Tudor s. HVII 1509-1547;defeats Scots@Floddenfield	1513
Ponce De Leon establishes St. Augustine (1st colony in US) 	1513
Balboa discovers Pacific 1513; Macchiavelli’s "The Prince"	1513
Copernicus’ heliocentric theory 1514; Francis I, K. France	  1515-1547
Chas.V, K. Spain gs. Ferdinand + Isabella 	  1516-1556
Ottomans conq.Syria & Egypt1516; Ottomans conq.Mecca & Medina	1517
Luther's 95 Theses begin Reformation;    Mexico discovered 	1517
Joachimstaler mine -Thaler coin    	1519
Aztec Teotihaucan conq.by Cortes/defeat of Aztec Empire	1519-1521
Chas.V HRE.1519-1558; German inv.rifle; Bacon Scientific Method	1520
Magellansails around globe1520-22;Suleyman“The Magnificent”	1520-66
Suleym. capt. Belgrade 1521;	Chales V.bans Luther at Worms   1521
Suleyman + Ottomans kill Lajos II k. of Hungary @ btl.Mohacs 	1526
Ferd. I, 1stHabsburg ruler of Hungary1526-64; 2nd sack of Rome	1527
Siege ofVienna1529;Pizzaro+horses capt.Atahualpa defeating	Incas1533
Henry VIIIestab.Church of Eng. Cartier charts Gulf of St.Lawr.Riv.	1534
Copernicus’ Revolutionibus Orb.    & Vesalius’ Anatomy    	1534
Union England +Wales1536; dissolution of English monasteries	1536-39
Coronado reaches Kansas;    Ignatius Loyola forms Jesuits   	1540
Turks occupy Buda  1541-1686;  Cabrillo explores Calif. coast    	1542
Inquisition @ Rome  1542;  Vesalius‘ detailed Human Anatomy 	1543
Council of Trent(Paul III+Chas.V.)starts Counter-Reformation	1545-63
Edward VI Tudor   s. HVIII  Prot.;  1st dated English shilling   	1547-53

peak Ottoman invas.Eur.1550s; Gr.Vowel Shift,Engl.speech 	ca1400-1550
British slave trade begins c 4 slaves brought back to England	 1554
St.Augustine is the 1st permanent settlement in North America   	1565
Selim II “the Sot”1566-74; Mary Tudor-restores Catholicism 	1553-1558
Mary begins persecuting Protestants    	1555
Peace of Augsburg H.R.Empire Cath.vs.Prot.-areas took ruler’s faith 	1555
Chas.VH.R.E.1520-1556resigns in favor ofbro.Ferd.I&sonPhillip II	1555
Chas.Vgives Spain to s.PhillipII-H.R.E.1556-98&Austr.toFerd.I	1556-64
Phillip II m.MaryTudor Cath.1554-58; 1,500 Sp.colonists,Pensacola FL	‘59
Catholic Index Librorum Prohibitorum (book censorship  until 1966) 	1559
Elizabeth Itudor,d.HVIII Prot.1558-1603;Puritans(Engl.Calvinists)	1560
Potato to Europe from Chile  1564-1565;   Shakespeare    	1564-1616
Drakecircles globe1577-1580;Cossacks retake RussiafromMongols	1581
Gregorian Calendar 1582; Mary Queen of Scots executed   	1587
Spanish Armada def. by Engl. 1588; Thomas Hobbes  	1588-1679
René Descartes 1596-1650; de Onate estab.Pueblo CO   	1598
Edict of Nantes (tolerance for Prot.)   1598;  Potato to England  	1599

17th CENTURY 	(Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment-late 17thC.)
“Little Ice Age”    150 yrs of much colder climate 
Fairy Tales 1stwritten down 1600-1750;   English East India Co. 	1600
Baroque Music Period in Europe 	  1600-1750
Potato to Ireland  ca1600;  Dutch E. India Co.	  1602
1stperm.Fr.settlement Port Royal, Nova Scotia 	   1605
Catholic plot Guy Fawkes1605;Jamestown1stperm.Brit.col.N.Am.	1607
Champlain - Quebec City1608; Kepler, planet orbits elliptical 	1609
James I Stuart s.Mary Q.of Scots 1603-1625; King James Bible	1611
Hudson discov. Hudson River 1609; Poles occupy Moscow1610+1617	/18
Gustavus Adolphus k.Sweden1611-1632;Mihail,1stRomanoff Tsar1613	-45
Galileo defends Copernicism; 1st “modern“ English dictionary 	1616
France colonizes Quebec1617;1stN.American Slaves @Jamestown	1619
30 yrs.War ends cTreaty of Westphalia; handheld guns 1stused 1618	-48
Mayflower & Pilgrims 1620;  Rev Wm. Oughtred invents slide rule 	1622
Pascal 1623-62;Dutch settle New Amsterdam1624; 1stSlaves NYC	1628
Wm Harvey – human blood circ.    	1628
Charles IStuart  s.of J. I, executed1625-49; Parliament Dissolved 	1629
Mass. Bay Charter: freedom of relig.-English rights   	1629
large English migrations to Mass. 1630;    John Locke    	1632-1704
Gustavus Adolphus-saves Protestant Cause @	Breitenfeld&Lutzen1631-32
Galileo, under threat, abjures Copernicus1633; English civil wars	1638-51
Louis XIV  of France    1643-1715;battle of Naseby    	1645
“Maunder Minimum”-decreased sunspots & very cold weather	1645-1715
Charles I executed1649; Oliver Cromwell1649-60;C-conq.Ireland	1649

Cromwell-conq.Scotland  1650-52; Canada a French colony 	1650
 Hobbes Leviathan; 1stmilled coins England	1651
Potato-Hungary   1654;     Charles X inv. Poland 	   		1655
Leopold IAust-Hung.1655-1705; Charles II Stuart s.of Js. I 	1660-1685
Louis XIV adult rule began1661;last hammered shilling1662;	plague 1665
English seize New Amsterdam &New Jersey from Dutch	1664/65
Vico 1668-1744;  Liberum Veto 1st used in Polish Parliament   	   1669
Hudson's Bay Company1670; 1stEnglish govt.-issued copper coins	1672
Marquette&Joliet expl.IL+MSrivers1673;VanLuewenhoek microscope	1674
KingPhilip'sWar(Metacomet)1675;Romer,speed oflightfinite,constant	1676
Peter the Great of Russia	  1682 -1725
La Salle claims all land, drained by Mississippi river for France	   1682
Bt.ofVienna,Turksdef.1683;Leibnitzdifferential &integralCalculus	1684+86
LouisXIV revokes EdictofNantes1685;JamesIIStuart s.ofJI Cath.1685-	89
J.S. Bach 1685-1750; Newton's Principia Mathematica	   1687
Newton’s The Calculus 1687; JamesII flees to France 	1688
Montesquieu 1689-1755; Wm ofOrange&MaryStuart d.of J II  1689-	94
Wm. III 1694-1702; K. Wm's War / War of League of Augsburg1689-	97
Wm.III def. Irish+Fr.@ Btl.ofBoyne1690;Engl.press censorship ends	1695
Treaty of Ryswick ends war of France against England, Neth.+Sp.	1697
Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary	1697
Habsburgs take Hungary frm.Turks@Karlowitz / rule Hung.‘till 1919	1699
1st Fr.col.in Louisiana & mission@Cahokia	1699

18th CENTURY	                                       Industrial Revolution begins
	                             Historical period of Enlightenment ca1730-1780
	                            French Revolution begins Era of Nationalism
1st English daily newspaper   1702 ;   Anne Stuart d.of J II 	  1702-1714
War ofSpanish Succession1702-1713;-aka Queen Anne's War 	1701-12
Hungarians revolt against Habsburg rule	 1703-11; John Wesley  1703-91
French def at Btl.Blenheim 1704;   Union Scotl.+Engl.1707; Piano  	1709
Iron smelting with coke, 1st heavy coal use @ Coalbrookdale Eng.	1709
Hume 1711-76; Newcomen, 1ststeam engine 1712; Rousseau    	1712-78
Diderot 1713-84; Geo.I Hanover ggs ofJs I;	   spoke no English 1714-27
New Orleans  1718;   Scot.&Eng.warmer 1720;  Kant  	    1724-1804
turnpikeroads Engl.1730;Illinois,RoyalFr.Prov.gov.directly-LouisXIV	1731
Arkwright mill (1770)  begins Industrial Rev. in England 	  1730-	1840
Enlightenment +entry of Middle Class & philos.Humanism1730-	1780
?Classical Music era begins   ca1733or 1750 ;   Methodism	 1738
Geo.IIHannover s ofG I 1727-1760; Btl.of Culloden won by Geo II	1746
Maria Theresa d.Ch VI & w. of FrancisI 1740-1780;slave revoltNYC	1741
War of Austrian Succession p.death of Chas. VI H.R.E.    	   1740-48
	aka King George's War in N. America1744–48
Fredrick The Great  1740-1786;  F-takes Silesia from Habsburgs   	1745

1ststage coach travel Hungary,Baroque Music Era (began1600)ends	1750
Classical Music Period (i.e.music without folk origins) ends  ca1750 -	1820
Great Lisbon Earthquake killed thousands of churchgoers on Sunday	1755
French and Indian War in North America	  1754-1763
    aka.Seven Years War in Eur.-Brit,Prussia vs Fr,Aust,Russ 1756-	1763
W.A.Mozart      1756-91;   British take French Quebec	1759
Voltaire’s “Candide“ from his disillusion c God p Lisbon Earthquake  	1759
1stcanalsFr.&Engl.1760;Geo.III Hanover gsGII electr.Hanover1760-	1820
Catherine the Gr. Russia 1762-96;   British drive Fr. from Canada 	1763
Louis XV cedes NewFrance (E.of Miss.R) to Brit. @ Treaty.of Paris 	1763
St.Louis village estab.1764;Stamp Act1765;Watt Steam eng.patent	1769
English stagecoach roads 1770s;    Ludwig van Beethoven   1770-	1827
Boston Massacre 	1770
1stPartition Poland, Russia Prussia &Austria take 1/2pop.+1/3land	1772
Boston Tea Party    1773;             Louis XVI	1774-92
“Quebec Act“allows,French speech&laws, gives OH Valley to Canada	1774
Martial Law in MA (Intolerable Acts) 1774;  1stContinental Congr.	1775
Amer. Rev.Lexington+Concord1775-83; James Watt Steam Engine	1776
US Declaration of Indepence; one fifth of the US pop. are slaves 	1776
Americans take Montreal & besiege Quebec	   1776
Articles of Confederation;  states rights;  no federal tax 	   1776
1st American settlers in Illinois;      1st bicycle in France  	  1779
Voltaire, foremost proponent of Enlightenment, dies	   1694-1778
British surrender@ Yorktown 1781;  1stBalloon Flight in France 	  1782
Treaty of Paris ends American Revolution	   	1783
Northwest Ordinance survey; Constitution 	 1785-1787
Federalist Papers   1785-1787; French Revolution 	  1789-1794
Bill of Rights 	1791; George Washington US President         1789-1797
Hamilton 4 Reports;Gas Lights in Europe Streets 1790;  Meth. Ch. 	1791
Vancouver expl. Pacif.coast 1792-1794; Eli Whitney -cotton gin   	1793
2nd Partition of Poland Russ. &Pruss. take >1/2 land +1/3 pop. 	 1793
3rd+last Partition Poland, gone 123yrs;   Louis XVIexecuted	   1795
Battle of Fallen Timbers / Jay's treaty; Pinckney’s Treaty  	   1795
John Adams US Pres. 1797-1801; 	Alien+Sedition Acts	   	1798

19th CENTURY	       French Revolution begins the Era of Nationalism
                     Romantic Period begins in Music, Poetry & 	Literature
Napoleon’s  reign      1799-1814; Volta pile battery 	   1800
Romantic period in Poetry begins 1800; Alexander I Russia 1801-	1825
T.Jefferson US Pres. 1801-09; Fort Dearborn;LouisianaPurchase	1803
Beethoven‘s Eroica ;         England steam locomotive  	1803
Napoleon crowns himself Emperor	1804
Btl.Trafalgar,Engl.defs.Fr.+Sp.navy1805;	Napoleonends.Holy.R.Emp.1806
Fulton steamboat 1807;  Britain & America abolish slave trade	1807
Aluminum disc. from Bauxite & named by Sir Humphrey Davey	 1808
Js.Madison US pres.1809-1817;   paddlewheeler Ohio river	 1811
Geo.IVes.GIII,regent 1811;+king of Hannover1814;Warof1812	1812-14
Ft. Dearborn massacre;   Napoleon invades Russia  	   1812
Potato now suitable food Germany, Scotland, Italy, Switz.Holland  	1813
Americans burn York (Toronto) Canada    	1813
Napoleon def.@Leipzig &@Vittoria byWellington1813; Nap.abdicates	1814
Louis XV 1814-1824; Jackson def. British at Battle of New Orleans	1814
Napoleon’s 100 days and Battle of Waterloo	   1815
Brit.Empire=1/4 of world land1815-1914;year without a summer	1816
“Indian Boundaryline trty.“ Chicago 1816; J.Monroe US pres.	1817-1825
IL a state 1818; US-Canada border defined W.of Lake of Th.Woods	1818
border 49thparal.to Pacific; U.S.gains FL frm. Spain-Adams Onis	Tty.1819
Oerstedt disc.Electromagnetism1820;GeorgeIV-Hann.es.ofGIII 	1820-30
Music Classical period Ends & Romantic period begins	ca1820
Irish potato famine   1821-1823;       Mexican Independence    	1821
Greek War of independ. vs Turks   1821-28;   Monroe Doctrine	   1823
Charles X1824-1830;Bering proves Asia& N. Amer. sep. by water	1825
Niépce makes first permanent photographic image    	1826
Erie Canal opened   1825;   Nicholas I of Russia   	1825-1855
1stRailway England  1825;  John Q. Adams US Pres. 	  1825-1829
English Catholics emancipated  1829;  A.Jackson US Pres.  1829	-1837
Greek indep. from Ottomans 1830; 1strailways Engl. & Germany	1830s
William IV Hann.3rd s.of gIII 1830-37;  Louis-Philippe	      1830-1848
Faraday induces electric current in a wire using a Magnet 	   1831
BlackHawk War /Ft.Dearborn regarrisoned 1832; 1ststreet RRY NYC 	1832
Chicago incorp.Engl.abol.slavery 1833; Johannes Brahms  1833	-1897
Camille Saint-Saens  1835-1921;    M.Van Buren USPres.   	1837-41
Victoria Hannover  gd.of GIII 1837-1901; farm steam Engines	1840s
1st English 1penny postal service / 1st trans-Atlantic Steamer	1840
Wm. H. Harrison US Pres   3/41-4/41;   J.Tyler US Pres.      1841	-1845
Aroostok War/ME-Canada border1842; Wm James philosopher1842	-1910
Telegraph invented; “The Bab“announces“ (precursor Baha‘i faith) 	1844
J.K.Polk US Pres.1845-49; Irish potato famine–ca1million die	1846-1850
Mexican War  (1846-48) U.S. wins and gains land in parts of 
                           	CA, AZ, NM, NV, UT WY & CO   1848
Illinois-Michigan Canal opens 1848;     CA Gold rush	1849
Russia helps Austria defeat Hungarian Revolt	1849

Zachary Taylor US Pres. 1849 -1850;  M. Fillmore US Pres.	1850-1853
1st Store-bought clothes, England   	1850
“Little Ice Age“ ends - gradual global warming begins	ca1850
Fr.Pierce US Pres.1853-1857;1strailway toMiss.Riv.@ Rock Island	IL1854
CrimeanWar/Brit.def.Russ.1854-1856; 1stMS riv.Rry.bridge, Rock	Is.1856
Bessemer blast furnace making steel 1856;  Buchanan US Pres.	1857-61
Darwin’s “Origin of Species“publ.1859; 1stoil well; 1ststreet RRYChi.	1859
US Civil War  1860-1865;  1stUS Transcont;Telegraph	1861
A.Lincoln US Pres.Assas.1861-65; Emancipation edict in Russia 	1861
Conscription Act ; Gettysburg 1863; US Emancipation Proclamation 	1863
Baha’Ullah declares himself God’s messenger, Baha‘i faith founded	1863
New York City Draft Riots   1863;     AndrewJohnson US Pres.	1865-69
Maxwell unifies electricity&magnetism1865;U.S.Fenians inv.Canada	1866
Brit.N.Amer.Act= Canada Dominion; US.trys buy Ruperts Land/Brit.	1867
U.S.purchases Alaska1867; Hungary, “dual monarchy” from Austria	1867
U.S. transcontinental RRY    1869;   U.S. Grant US Pres. 	1869-1877
Pius IX reverses church position on“fetus animatus“ (fetal soul)	1869
Italian army drives The Papacy from Rome into the Vatican	  1870
Franco  Prussian War    1870;    Canadian N.W.M.P.“Mounties“	1873
Eads Bridge, St.Louis MO 1874;  Winston Churchill     	1874-1965
A. Graham Bell, telephone   1876;    R.B.Hayes US.Pres.	      1877-81
Incandescent Electric light Edison  1879; Electric Street Car NYC 	1880
J.A.Garfield US pres.assas. 1881;  C.ArthurUS Pres.               1881	-85
Gr. Brit. occup. Egypt   1882;   G.Cleveland US.Pres.             1885	-89
Rubber tires1886; 1st Kodak Camera 1888; B.Harrison USPres.1889	-93
Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890; Duryea auto;  gas tractor	1892
G.Cleveland US Pres 1893-97; Becquerel discov.Radioactivity 	1896
1st long.dist.electric pwr.transmission Niagara NY, Nicola Tesla	1896
Thomson discov.Electron 1897; W.McKinley US pres.assas.1897	-1901
Spanish American War -U.S. wins & annexes Hawaii, 
                    takes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philipines & Cuba	1898

20th  CENTURY____________________________	_
Boxer Rebellion in China; Australia becomes a Commonwealth	1900
Max Planck‘s Quantum Theory 1900; Freud‘s theory of Dreams	 1900
Trans-Atlantic Radio signal 1901; Theodore Roosevelt US Pres.	1901-09
Edw.VII Saxe-Coburg Goth es.of Edw.V 1901-10; Boer War ends	1902
silent movies;     Wright Bros. 1stflight @ Kittyhawk NC. US 	1903
U.S. controls Panama Canal1903; NYCsubway; trans-SiberianRRY	1904
Russo-Japanese War 1904; Einstein Spec.Relativity, e=mc2	1905
Einstein proves matter’s atomic nature1905;Russian Revolution	1905-17
Einstein,  quanta in light & atoms 1907;   plastic invented	1907
Model T Ford 1908;  Oil discovered Iraq 1908; Peary 1st to N.Pole 	1909
W.H.Taft US Pres. 1909-13; Geo.V Saxe-Coburg 2nds. of EdVII  1910	-36
Rutherford hypothesizes nucleus;  1stbomb dropped from Airplane 	1911
W.WilsonUSpres.1913-21;W.W.I1914-18;Fords 1st MassProduced	1914
Einstein,Gen.Relativity1915;	Communist Russian Oct. Revolution1917
Tzar Nicholas II b1868+family killed by Bolsheviks @ Ekaterinberg	1918
V.I.Lenin 1918-24; Rutherford discov.Proton; League of Nations 	1919
1st US commercial radio station;     US women’s suffrage    	1920
Schroedinger Equation, Quantum Theory emerges in modern form	1920
Arab anti-Jewish riots Palestine  1920-21; US Prohibition  	1920-33
W.G. Harding US Pres.     1921-23;         Egypt independent 	1922
Kemal Ataturk westernizes Turkish dress, government & alphabet	1923
“talkies“ movie 1923; C. Coolidge US.Pres.1923-29; 1st TV Transm.	1925
Lindbergh flies Atlantic solo; Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle  	1927
Jos.Stalin 1927-53; 1stall-electronic television system; Penicillin	1928
World Depression     1929-33;       H.Hoover US Pres.    	1929-33
England ends gold standard;   Pauli hypothesizes the neutrino	1930
1stair conditioning;      Chadwick discovers Neutron  	1932
Von Neumann develops foundation for Quantum Mechanics 	1932
Technicolor movies      1932;      F.D. Roosevelt US Pres.      	1933-45
Mao‘s long march1934-35; Adolph Hitler1935-45;US.SocialSecurity	1935
Spanish Civil War        1936-39;               BBC TV Service 	1936
EDW.VIIIWinds. s.ofGV abdicates1936;GeoVIWinds.2nds.ofGV	1936-52
Street & Stevenson discover muon 1936-37; Krystallnacht Germ. 	1938
Germany Occupies Czech Sudetenland       	Oct.1938
W.W.II1939-45;Germ.&Russia inv.Poland9/39; Btl.ofBritain	7-9/1940
Fermi, Beta decay	    1940;          Germany inv. Russia  22 June 1941
1stUS commercial TV station  1941; Japan bombs Pearl Harbor Dec.7	‘41
Enrico Fermi produces 1st controlled nuclear chain reaction	1942
1st long-range ballistic missle Germany  	1942
ENIAC 1st large programmable computer @ U Penn	1943-46
Von Neumann develops theory of Games & economic behavior	 1944
D.Day Jun/44; German surrender  May/1945;   microwave oven	   1945
Von Neumann develops 1st computer architecture; UN founded	1945
H.S.Truman US pres.1945-53; USA atom-bombs /Japan  	Aug 6 1945
Japan surrenders9/45; MarshallPlan1945;Dead Sea scrolls discov.	1947
G.Gamow predicts Big Bang;    Transistor;   State of Israel	1948
Berlin Blockade   1948/49;	  Germany divided into East & West G.  1949

1storgan transplant;Credit Cards1950;Korean War1950-53; Color TV	1951
Germany agrees to pay holocaust reparations     	1952
Elizabeth II Windsor d.G VI 	1952; Polio vaccine 1952; DNA discov.1953
D.D. Eisenhower US Pres.1953-1961; segregation illegal in US 	1954
Hungarian Revolution; velcro;  Interstate Hwys;  TV remote control 	1956
1st computer hard drive    1956;     Vietnam War  	1956-75
European Union founded;  Sputnik 1stsatel. ; US Civil Rights Act	1957
Mao’s   “Great leap forward“;    microchip;   credit cards	1958
Castro rules Cuba 1959;  laser invented 1960; 	 Berlin Wall     1961	-89
Cuban missle crisis    1962;  J.F.Kennedy USPres.assasinated    1961	-63
L.B. Johnson USPres. 1963-69; 	Saudis outlaw slavery	   	1964
US Civil Rights Act; Gell-Mann discovers quark 1964;	 Vatican II 	1965
UK.ends hanging; Radiation detected from 400,000yr aft. Big Bang	1965
US troops to Vietnam    1965;    	Martin L.King assassination1966
Cath.Index Librorum Prohibitorum(Book censorship since1559)ends 	1966
Israeli 6-day war; 1stheart transplant; Portable calculator	   1967
1stMoon walk    1969;      Aswan dam;    	String Theory “born”   	1970
R.Nixon US Pres.resigned  1969-74;   VCRs; UK decimal currency	1971
Watergate; pocket calculators; Common Market; Vietnam War ends 	1973
World1stcellphone call1973;1stcomputer chip1974;G.FordUSPres.1974	-77
Microsoft corp. founded 1975;    Perl discovers tau Lepton	1976
Apple I; MRI1977;J.CarterUSPres.1977-81;Russia inv.Afghanistan	1979
Rapid Global Warming begins; North Sea oil; 1stCompact Disk  	1980
AIDS identified;   IBM PC  1981; R.Reagan USPres.	1981-89
StringTheory proposed?–possib.unifying theory 1984;Maccomputer	1984
Ozone layer “hole“ discov.   1985;     MS shows “Windows“	   	1987
DNA 1st convicts criminals  	  1987;    muon neutrino discovered   	1988
USSR lvs.Afghanistan1988; Berlin wall falls; USSR lvs.E.Europe	   1989
3 light  neutrinos discovered (tau, electron, & muon)	1989
world wide web developed @ Cern, Switz. by Berners – Lee   	1989
G.H.W.Bush USPres.     1989-93;    Hubble space telescope 	   	1990
USSR collapse;         1st Gulf War;         1st www  page 	   		1991
W.Clinton US Pres.1993-2001; Channel Tunnel; European Union	1994
 1st  DVD	   1995;  11 European States  (except UK)  adopt Euro 	   1999

21st CENTURY_______________________________________	
NYC World Trade Ctr. attacked 9/11/01;  US invades Afghanistan  	2002
Latin no longer used in UK legal documents 2002;US invades Iraq	2003
European Union = 23 states (8 more join)  		 	   2004