電子和質子 （electrons and protons）: 電子、質子和中子（neutrons）在宇宙中形成的時間非常早, 大約誕生在宇宙瞬間大爆炸一毫秒内的時間, 當時的宇宙 (137 億年前) 正處於開氏温標兆度(1,000,000,000,000)左右。質子、中子和電子誕生在宇宙時間開始的第一秒鐘被稱之為“粒子時代”（Particle Era）屬於强子時期（Hadron Epoch）的一部份。緊随著這時間之後質子和中子開始進行了幾分鐘的熔合和分裂，接著核合成時代（Nucleosynthesis Era）產生。今天我們知道電子和質子組成原子（atoms），電子和質子是由在大爆炸瞬間而產生的各種夸克（quarks）、更小的機率場（probability fields）和粒子所組成。
友誼網頁連結
- It is easy to find many good pages describing physics lessons on electrons and protons and atoms. One lesson we recommend is by Anthony Carpi, hosted at the Vision Learning site.
- Here are some astronomy notes by Karl Gebhardt that describe the particle era and other eras of the early universe.
- Here are some lecture notes by George L. Cassiday describing the epochs of the universe, including the Hadron Epoch.
友誼網頁連結
- It is easy to find many good pages describing physics lessons on electrons and protons and atoms. One lesson we recommend is by Anthony Carpi, hosted at the Vision Learning site.
- Here are some astronomy notes by Karl Gebhardt that describe the particle era and other eras of the early universe.
- Here are some lecture notes by George L. Cassiday describing the epochs of the universe, including the Hadron Epoch.